Robot Classification and Specification MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Robot Classification and Specification - Download Free PDF

Explanation:

'OUTPUT' keyword:

• In robotics, actuators and motors are essential components that convert electrical signals into physical movement or action.
• The 'OUTPUT' keyword is used to send these electrical signals from the robot's control system to its actuators or motors, enabling the robot to perform various tasks such as moving, gripping objects, or activating other mechanical components.
• For instance, when a robot needs to move its arm, the control system will use the 'OUTPUT' keyword to send the appropriate signal to the motor responsible for the arm's movement.
• This signal tells the motor how much to rotate and in which direction, resulting in the desired motion.
• Without the 'OUTPUT' keyword, the robot would not be able to perform any physical actions, as there would be no way to communicate the control signals to the actuators or motors.

Explanation:

6-DOF Robotic Arm

• A 6-DOF (Degrees of Freedom) robotic arm is a type of robotic manipulator that has six independent movements or axes.
• These movements typically include three translational movements (along the X, Y, and Z axes) and three rotational movements (Yaw, Pitch, and Roll).
• This configuration allows the robotic arm to position its end-effector in a three-dimensional space and orient it in any desired direction.
• The 6-DOF robotic arm operates using a combination of its six joints to achieve precise positioning and orientation of its end-effector.
• The translational movements allow the arm to reach different points in space, while the rotational movements enable the end-effector to assume various orientations.
• This combination of movements is crucial for tasks that require both accurate positioning and specific orientation, such as assembly, welding, or picking and placing objects.

Advantages:

• High flexibility and versatility in performing complex tasks.
• Ability to reach and manipulate objects in a three-dimensional space with precise control.

Disadvantages:

• Increased mechanical complexity due to the higher number of joints and actuators.
• Greater computational and control requirements to manage the multiple degrees of freedom.

Applications: 6-DOF robotic arms are widely used in various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, and research. They are essential for tasks that require high precision and flexibility, such as automated assembly lines, surgical procedures, and laboratory automation.

Explanation:

Fixed Robotic Automation Systems

• Fixed robotic automation systems, also known as hard automation, are designed for specific tasks and are typically used in high-volume production environments.
• These systems consist of specialized equipment that performs repetitive tasks with high precision and speed, making them suitable for mass production.
• Fixed robotic automation systems are programmed to execute a specific sequence of operations repeatedly.
• Once configured, these systems perform their tasks with minimal variation, ensuring consistent product quality and high throughput.
• The fixed nature of these systems means that they are not easily reprogrammable for different tasks or product designs.

Characteristics:

• High Initial Cost: The development and installation of fixed robotic automation systems require a significant initial investment. This cost includes the design, engineering, and integration of specialized equipment tailored to a particular production process.
• Low Operational Cost for Mass Production: Despite the high initial cost, fixed robotic automation systems offer low operational costs for mass production. The economies of scale achieved through high-volume production help to offset the initial investment over time.
• High Precision and Speed: These systems are optimized for specific tasks, allowing them to operate with high precision and speed. This results in consistent product quality and efficient production processes.
• Limited Flexibility: Fixed robotic automation systems lack flexibility in adapting to changes in product design or production requirements. Any modifications to the system typically require significant re-engineering and investment.

Advantages:

• High efficiency in high-volume production environments.
• Consistent product quality due to precise and repeatable operations.
• Reduced labor costs and human intervention.

Disadvantages:

• High initial investment cost.
• Limited flexibility to adapt to changes in product design or production processes.

Applications:

• Fixed robotic automation systems are commonly used in industries where high-volume production and consistent product quality are critical, such as automotive manufacturing, electronics assembly, and consumer goods production.

Concept:

• Robot's reach is a measure of how far the robotic arm can reach when it's completely outstretched.
• The horizontal stroke is defined as the total radial distance, the wrist can travel.
• Reach is always greater than equal to stroke.

Explanation:

The Three Laws of Robotics (often shortened to The Three Laws or known as Asimov's Laws) are a set of rules devised by science fiction author Isaac Asimov.

Asimov proposed three Laws of Robotics and later added the zeroth law

Law 0:

A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm

Law 1:

A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm unless this would violate higher-order law

Law 2:

A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher-order law

Law 3:

A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher-order law

From the explanation, only statements 1,2 are correct.

Explanation:

Initially, robots were programmed using textual languages such as Pascal and C. The code required to drive robots was very low-level, and very hard to create and maintain, requiring skills in both advanced programming and control theory. Textual robotic languages were developed specifically to address the problems associated with programming robots. These languages introduced “built-in” commands to operate the robot, eliminating (for instance) the need to develop code for motion primitives. 

VAL (Variable Assembly Language):

• The system software that controls the PUMA robot arm is called VAL, which is supplied by Unimation to be used with its controller called as MARK.
• The software is a sophisticated programming language and a complete robot control system but has disadvantages mostly due to the age of the product.
• VAL is stored in the controller computer memory. The controller also houses operating controls for the robot system.
• The VAL programming language consists of a full set of English language instructions for teaching and editing.
• Work programs are entered into the computer/controller using either of two different procedures or a combination of both.
• The programs can be entered with the teach pendant using the teach-by showing method or using the CRT and keyboard inputs.

Concept:

Manipulator joints in robots are given below,

Translational motion:

Linear joint (L)

Orthogonal joint (O)

Rotary motion:

Rotational joint (R)

Twisting joint (T)

Rotary joint (V)

All the diagrams are given in the order of the names mentioned above.

Explanation:

The Three Laws of Robotics (often shortened to The Three Laws or known as Asimov's Laws) are a set of rules devised by science fiction author Isaac Asimov.

Asimov proposed three Laws of Robotics and later added the zeroth law

Law 0:

A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm

Law 1:

A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm unless this would violate higher-order law

Law 2:

A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher-order law

Law 3:

A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher-order law

From the explanation, only statements 1,2 are correct.

Concept:

Robot with jointed arm configuration for 3 DOF-robot carries all its joints as revolute.

It can be TRR, VRR and other combinations of T, R and V.

For e.g., TRR configuration consists of a vertical column, that swivels about the base using a T joint. At the top of the column is a shoulder joint (R joint), output to an elbow joint (R-joint).

Concept:

• Robot's reach is a measure of how far the robotic arm can reach when it's completely outstretched.
• The horizontal stroke is defined as the total radial distance, the wrist can travel.
• Reach is always greater than equal to stroke.

Explanation:

Industrial robots are defined by the characteristics of their control systems, manipulator or arm geometry, modes of operation etc.

The term degree of freedom as applied to a robot indicates the number of its axes, an important indicator of a robot's capability. Limited sequence robots have two or three axes only while unlimited sequence robots typically have five or six-axes to perform more complex tasks.

The basic manipulator arm might have only three axes:

Arm sweep: It provides anti-clockwise and clockwise rotation about the vertical axis.

Shoulder swivel: It provides the arm to pitch up and down about a horizontal shoulder axis.

Elbow extension: It provides the arm to pitch up and down about a horizontal elbow axis.

Concept:

The three Law of Robotics:

1. A robot may not injured a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm

2. A robot must obey the orders give it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first law.

3. A robot must protect its own existing as long as such protection does not conflict with the first or second laws.

Explanation:

Jointed arm configuration:

• Articulated/joint arm – 3 rotary

• The arm in these configuration robots looks almost like a human arm.
• It gets three rotary joints and three wrist axes, which form into six degrees of freedom.
• As a result, it has the capability to be controlled at any adjustments in the workspace.
• These types of robots are used for performing several operations like spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and more.

Advantages:

• Increased flexibility,
• Huge work volume, and
• Quick operation.

Polar configuration robots:

• Polar/Spherical – 1 linear, 2 rotary Joints

• The polar configuration robots will possess an arm, which can move up and down.
• It comprises a rotational base along with a pivot.
• It has one linear & two rotary joints that allow the robot to operate in a spherical work volume.
• It is also stated as Spherical Coordinate Robots.​

​Advantage:

• Long reach capability in the horizontal position.

Disadvantage: 

• Vertical reach is low.

Cylindrical Configuration:

• This kind of robot incorporates a slide in the horizontal position and a column in the vertical position. It also includes a robot arm at the end of the slide. Here, the slide is capable of moving in an up & down motion with the help of the column. In addition, it can reach the workspace in a rotary movement like a cylinder.
• Cylindrical – 2 linear, 1 rotary

Advantages:

• Increased rigidity, and
• The capacity of carrying high payloads.

Disadvantages:

• Floor space required is more, and
• Less work volume.

Explanation:

End effector:

The end effector is the hand connected to the robot's arm. The end effector in the form of the gripper, vacuum pump, tweezer, scalpel etc. is just about anything that helps it to do the job.

Sensor:

Sensors play an important role in the functioning of robots. Sensors are basically measurement devices that translate one form of signal into another. They are used in the robots for feedback purposes. The feedback system helps in guiding the robot end-effector along the proper path for proper operations.

Sensors are classifieds as:

• Internal state sensors
• External state sensors

Internal state sensors:

• They are basically used for the detection of variables that help in identifying the orientation of the tool-tip and manipulator joints.
• Example: position, velocity, and acceleration from potentiometers, LVDT, etc.

External state sensors:

• External state sensors are used for the detection of variables such as the range of the target or the concerned object of interest to be picked or moved
• Example: Strain gauges, proximity sensors, etc.