On which of the following scientific principles does a hydroelectric power generator work?

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  1. Conversion of gravitational potential energy into electrical energy using flowing water
  2. Extraction of geothermal energy of ocean to produce electricity
  3. Separation of hydrogen from water and then burning it to generate electricity
  4. Heating water to produce steam and then running steam engine to generate electricity

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Conversion of gravitational potential energy into electrical energy using flowing water
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The correct answer is Conversion of gravitational potential energy into electrical energy using flowing water.

Key Points

  • Hydroelectric power plants convert the gravitational potential energy of water stored at a height into electrical energy.
  • The process involves water flowing from a high elevation through turbines, which then drive generators to produce electricity.
  • The turbines and generators are the critical components in this conversion process, making use of the kinetic energy of flowing water.
  • Hydroelectric power is a major source of renewable energy, contributing significantly to the global energy mix.
  • Examples include large-scale facilities like the Hoover Dam in the USA and the Three Gorges Dam in China, which are among the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world.

Additional Information

  • Potential Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.
  • Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by an object due to its motion. In the context of hydroelectric power, it refers to the energy of flowing water.
  • Renewable Energy: Energy from sources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited, such as wind, solar, and hydro power.
  • Turbine: A machine for producing continuous power that is typically powered by water, steam, gas, or air. In hydroelectric plants, water turbines convert water flow into mechanical energy.
  • Generator: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. In hydroelectric power plants, generators are driven by turbines to produce electricity.
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