Educational Technology MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Educational Technology - Download Free PDF

Constructivist learning theory emphasizes that learners actively construct their own understanding and knowledge through experiences. Instead of passively receiving information, students engage with their environment, ask questions, and solve problems to make sense of new concepts. 

Key Points

• Students building their understanding by actively exploring and interacting with their surroundings aligns perfectly with the principles of constructivist learning.
• Through active engagement, learners connect new information with prior knowledge, develop deeper comprehension, and create meaningful mental models.
• This process fosters curiosity and problem-solving skills, allowing students to take ownership of their learning. Constructivism supports learning environments where students investigate, experiment, and reflect, rather than merely absorbing facts presented by the teacher. The focus is on discovery and personal meaning-making, which leads to more durable and transferable learning.

Hint

• Memorizing facts and information is more characteristic of traditional learning approaches and does not emphasize the active construction of knowledge.
• Teachers primarily lecturing and providing step-by-step instructions contrasts with the constructivist idea of student-centered, interactive learning.
• Learning mostly about receiving feedback and corrections limits the role of the learner’s active participation and exploration, which is central to constructivism.

Hence, the correct answer is students build their understanding by actively exploring and interacting with their surroundings.

Educational management refers to the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling educational resources and activities to achieve the goals of the educational system. 

Key Points

•  The main approach of educational management is influenced by all of these factors: social justice, social demand, and manpower development.
• Social justice ensures that all individuals, regardless of their background, have access to quality education, promoting equality and fairness.
• Social demand focuses on addressing the needs of society, ensuring that education meets the demands of the community, the economy, and the labor market.
• Manpower development aims at creating a skilled and knowledgeable workforce, aligning education with the needs of industry and society.
• Therefore, all these approaches are interrelated and contribute to the effective management of education to meet both societal and individual needs.

Hence, the correct answer is all of the above.

The correct answer is - (A), (B), (D) Only

Key Points

• Open access to learning content
  • MOOCs provide unrestricted access to learning materials online, making education accessible to a wide audience.
  • This feature promotes inclusive learning by removing barriers related to location, cost, and prerequisites.
• Optional certificate
  • MOOCs often offer the option to earn a certificate upon completion, providing formal recognition of the learner’s achievement.
  • These certificates can be used to enhance resumes or professional portfolios.
• Low completion rate
  • Despite high enrollment rates, MOOCs typically experience low completion rates.
  • Factors contributing to low completion rates include lack of motivation, time constraints, and insufficient support systems.

Additional Information

• Limited enrolment
  • Unlike traditional courses, MOOCs are designed to handle a large number of participants, often with unlimited enrollment.
  • This scalability is one of the key features that distinguish MOOCs from conventional classroom settings.
• Lack of interactivity
  • Some MOOCs might face challenges related to interactivity due to the high number of participants and the format of online delivery.
  • However, many MOOCs are incorporating interactive elements such as forums, peer assessments, and live sessions to enhance engagement.

The correct answer is - (A), (B), (D) Only

Key Points

• Envision strategic thrust areas in educational technology
  • The National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) is tasked with identifying key strategic areas for the integration and advancement of educational technology.
  • This includes the development and implementation of technological solutions that can enhance the educational landscape in India.
• Articulate new directions for research and innovation
  • One of the core functions of the NETF is to promote and guide research and innovation in the field of educational technology.This involves identifying emerging trends and facilitating research that can lead to innovative educational tools and practices.
• Provide independent evidence-based advice to Centre and state governments on technology-based interventions
  • The NETF is responsible for providing unbiased, evidence-based recommendations to both central and state governments.
  • These recommendations are aimed at ensuring that technology-based educational interventions are effective and aligned with national educational goals.

Additional Information

• National Educational Technology Forum (NETF)
  • The NETF is a part of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which aims to transform the educational landscape in India through technology.
  • It serves as a platform for free exchange of ideas on the use of technology to enhance learning, assessment, planning, administration, and so on.
• Functions Not Included
  • Establishing a state-of-the-art Technology Centre in Gujarat: This is not one of the stated functions of the NETF as per NEP-2020.
  • Allocating research projects in the field of educational technology from 2026: There is no specific mention of NETF allocating research projects starting from a particular year like 2026.

The correct answer is - (A), (B) and (C) Only

Key Points

• Facts about social problems
  • Understanding the facts about social problems is crucial for students to engage in meaningful discussions and analyses.
  • This component helps in framing the context and background necessary for further inquiry.
• Framework for analysing social issues
  • The model provides a framework that guides students in systematically analysing and understanding various social issues.
  • This structured approach ensures that students can critically evaluate different perspectives.
• Competence in social dialogue
  • Developing competence in social dialogue is essential for students to effectively participate in discussions and debates on social issues.
  • This competence includes the ability to listen, articulate thoughts, and engage constructively with others.

Additional Information

• Comfort in expressing opinion
  • While comfort in expressing opinions is valuable, it is not a core component of the Jurisprudential Inquiry model.
  • This skill can be developed through practice and exposure to discussions, but it is not specifically emphasized in the model.
• Analysing personal values and behaviour
  • The focus of the Jurisprudential Inquiry model is more on understanding and analysing social issues rather than personal values and behaviour.
  • While personal reflection can enhance understanding, it is not a primary component of this model.

Key Points

• Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 
• Bruner describes the learner as a problem solver, i.e. one who interacts with his/her environment to test hypotheses and to develop generalizations. The goal of education, according to Bruner, should be cognitive development, and the content of learning should foster the development of problem-solving skills through the processes of inquiry and discovery. 

Hence, it could be concluded that cognitive development is associated with both Jean Piaget and Bruner.

 Additional InformationThe Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

According to Bruner, one’s thought processes evolve as a result of maturation, training, and experiences through a series of sequential stages.

The stages are Enactive representation, Iconic representation, and Symbolic representation.

• Enactive representation stage-
  • is characterized by the child’s representation of things and events in terms of motor responses and activities. His thought processes are represented through non-verbal activities.
• Iconic representation stage-
  • is characterized by the child’s representation of things and events in terms of sensory images or mental pictures.
• Symbolic representation stage-
  • is characterized by the child’s representation of things and events in terms of words, symbols, and other abstract phenomena.

Personality is an all-inclusive concept and includes in it all the traits and tendencies that bring about consistency and dynamism in personality. 

• It is the total of an individual’s properties as a distinct and unique human being.
• The external properties are directly observed, while the internal is only inferred from the behavior of a person.

Key Points

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that B.F. skinner has not propounded any theory of personality.

Hint

• B. F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) was an American. His experiments on operant conditioning won him worldwide fame. Skinner defined operant conditioning as the process of learning that elicits operant behavior. According to Skinner, there are two types of behaviors, namely respondent behavior, and operant behavior.

The term ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words; Psyche means “soul or breath” and Logos means “knowledge or study” (study or investigation of something)

• Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
• Psychologists are actively involved in studying and understanding mental processes, brain functions, and behavior.
• Psychology is a science that aims to give a better understanding and control of the behavior of organisms.

Key Points

• Skinner said- "Psychology is the most basic science of education.
• B.F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) is best known for developing the theory of Operant Conditioning, which uses reinforcers or consequences to change behavior.
• The key element to Skinner's theory is the reinforcer, which may be positive or negative.
• A positive reinforcer is one whose presence increases the likelihood of the response. A reward like food, money, or verbal praise is considered a positive reinforcer. A negative reinforcer is one whose absence increases the likelihood of the response.

Hence, we can conclude that option 2 is the correct answer.

Additional Information 

• Interest is that enduring mental system that sustains contains and continues the activity called attention. (1946 B.N. Jha)
• According to Jones and Davis, we learn the most from behaviors of others that lead to non-common effects. It is assumed that any behavior leads to some set of consequences but that the behavior which is most helpful in forming correspondent inferences are those resulting in consequences or effects that alternative behaviors would not have produced.

Information Technology (IT) refers to the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange electronic data and information. It is a broad term and deals with the study/use of computers and telecommunications to store, retrieve, transmit, or send data. The developments of the 21st century have been dominated by the extensive use of Computers as well as Information Technology.

Information technology has taken over education by storm via increasing the learning potential of students and simultaneously empowering teachers with engaging presentation tools and advanced class-management systems. Nowadays, it has become ingrained into our lives. Some of the examples of ITs are :

1. Social Networking: are the culmination of fruits of ITs.
2. Used extensive in Business administration and management in different tools.
3. Modern-day applications such as - Alexa, smartphones, smart TVs also use Information technology.

 Key PointsIT provides a wide range of benefits starting from preschools to institutions of higher education, a plethora of electronic devices -- laptops, tablets, smartphones, and even smart-boards has led to a new information revolution. These tools promote wider participation in the academic community and benefit educators and students in the following ways: 

1. Knowledge explosion: The 21st century is known as the Knowledge Age where a huge amount of information and knowledge available to us today is staggering because of knowledge explosion.
   This is also the phase of human history where knowledge grows exponentially, unprecedented in the past,  leading to the emergence of new branches of
   knowledge through hybridization.
   For example, a new field of knowledge as Bio-Chemistry has been created due to the cross-disciplinary approach to the study of biology and chemistry.
2. Preservation: Throughout history, libraries and archives were used as guardians of the documentary heritage of humankind. But nowadays, the
   traditional guardian institutions are being replaced by storing information and knowledge in digital forms because any content in 'digital storage' is preserved for a longer time.
3. Retrieval: The preserved digital data can be used for the retrieval of information. Searches can be based on or on full-text indexing. Automated information retrieval systems are being used by many universities and public libraries to provide access to books, journals, and other documents.

Therefore,  It can be said that Detecting information is not a benefit of information technology.

Additional Information Detecting information is not a benefit of IT, it can be done through artificial intelligence, a way in which machines imitate human intelligence.

Communication is the process of information via a common system of symbols. Communication can be interactive, transactive, intentional or unintentional; it can also be verbal or nonverbal.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

• Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the use of technology in information processing and communication. It deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, network, transmit and retrieve information.
• Information Communication Technology (ICT) is defined as “skills around computing and communications devices, software that operates them, applications that run on them, and systems that are built with them”
• ICT is all the uses of digital technology that already exist to help individuals, businesses and organizations by using information.

  Important Points

• ICT includes skills, software, applications, and systems. Knowledge of Computer Systems (hardware, networks, and software)

Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as central processing unit (CPU), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers, and motherboard.

On the other hand, Computer software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware, for example, System software, Operating system, applications etc.

Hence, it is clear from above that the components of ICT in the options are Hardware, Software, User, and Network.

Additional Information There are four major categories of computer hardware:

1. Input devices: used to enter data into the computer
2. Processing devices: manipulate the data.
3. Storage devices: store data and program.
4. Output device: show results of the process.

ICT education consists of four components:

• ICT/Digital Literacy;
• ICT Infrastructure and Support Applied Technologists;
• Specialized Business and Industry use of ICT; and
• ICT Research and Development Scientists

Computer, Internet, LCD Projector lies in the large umbrella of ICT literacy.

Jerome Bruner, an American psychologist has made crucial contributions in the field of human cognitive psychology.

Important PointsHe has identified three stages of cognitive representation which includes:

Enactive stage: 

• It refers to the representation of knowledge through actions. 
• Learning by doing is the main principle
• They learn by physical actions and storing things in memory

Iconic stage: 

• It refers to the visual summarization of images. 
• The learner stores sensory images which are visual ones

Symbolic stage: 

• It refers to the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences.
• The experience is stored in memory in the form of symbols i.e. language

Let's Have a Look:

Hence, it could be concluded that the Numeric stage is not part of Bruner's Cognitive Development Theory.

B. F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) was an American. His experiments on operant conditioning won him worldwide fame. Skinner defined operant conditioning as the process of learning that elicits operant behavior. According to Skinner, there are two types of behaviors, namely respondent behavior, and operant behavior.

Key Points

B.F.Skinner proposed that the behavior of children increases after every reinforcement and the behavior of children decreases for every punishment.

• According to Skinner, humans can construct linguistic stimuli which can control their behavior.
• He maintains that language is learned by imitation of stimuli and reinforcement of correct responses.
• He also proposed that children imitate what they see and hear, as well as what they learn from punishment and reinforcement.

Hence, we conclude that B. F. Skinner claimed that language is learned through imitation and reinforcement.

According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

• Cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development.
• Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.​
• Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

Cognitive development is not a continuous process, it occurs in the following 4 stages:-

Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage (Birth – 2 years)

• During this stage, babies up to 2 years learn through their senses. During this stage, they develop the motor function.
• They learn about their environment and who belongs to it. They also learn how to solve problems through trial and error.
• One of the primary lessons learned in the sensorimotor stage is object permanence. Object permanence is the concept that things do not vanish from existence if they are no longer in plain sight.

Stage 2: Preoperational Stage (2 – 7 years)  

• In this stage, children learn through symbolic learning.
• Symbolic learning is stimulated through language development and imitative or imaginative play. A child may give human characteristics to inanimate objects.
• During the preoperational stage, the child has egocentric thinking. This means that they lack the ability to see outside of their own perspective without being prompted by reward.
• The child also tends to not be able to understand that situations, actions, or issues can be altered or reversed.

Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage (7 – 11 years)

• In this stage, a child has begun to develop logic and concrete reasoning skills. Children in the concrete operational stage are able to quantify and organize.
• Their egocentric thinking diminishes. They are able to understand the perspective of another person.
• Children in the concrete stage are able to understand and relate to relational terms. Relational terms, like time, size, space, and distance, are more easily understood and conceptualized in this stage.

Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage (11 – 15 years )

• The formal operational stage is the final stage of Piaget’s theory of development. In this stage, a child develops the ability to utilize abstract thinking.
• They are able to consider different perspectives, opinions, and concepts to draw conclusions.
• Children in the formal operational stage are able to use abstract thought. They use abstract thought to solve problems. In the formal operational stage, a child’s skills are fine-tuned.
• This makes the following forms of thought easy to use for drawing conclusions and solving problems:
  • Deductive logic
  • Hypothetical situations
  • Problem-solving through the organization of information
  • Drawing conclusions from information, thoughts, and opinions
  • The ability to create informed opinions

Therefore, according to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development,  the formal operational stage is the final stage.

Together with the development of cognition and social skills, children develop along the dimension of moral values and reasoning. They learn the rules for right and wrong and understand other laws and rules. This is called moral development.

Important Points

Piaget’s Ideas about Moral Development:- 

Stage of autonomous morality or morality of cooperation:- 

• A new stage is achieved around the age of 10. As children become less egocentric by age 9 or 10, they are also able to realize that rules are not fixed but arbitrary.
• They come to know that rules can change and it is possible to make personal decisions about obeying rules.
• The moral authority of adults is replaced in part by a morality based on cooperation and mutual understanding.
• At this stage, it is not wrong to break the rules; rather, the motives, the rules, the specific situations are all considered in making a judgment. They feel praise and punishment should be distributed in a non-arbitrary, evenhanded way. 
• It is hard for children at this stage to understand that the same behaviour might evoke different responses from different people. 

According to the given statement,' Ria does not agree with Rishabh about setting up a class picnic. She thinks that the rules can be revised to suit the majority. This kind of peer disagreement, according to Piaget, refers to the Morality of cooperation.

Hint

• Heteronomous morality:- In Piaget’s views, the child enters a new stage of moral development when he enters the stage of concrete operations at age 6 or 7. He called it heteronomous morality or moral realism (heteronomous means under an outside authority). In this stage, rules are regarded as unchangeable, absolute, and imposed by an external authority. 

Operant conditioning:- B.F Skinner propounded this theory as a way of learning by means of rewards and punishments.

Key Points

• Operant conditioning is also known as instrumental conditioning proposed by B.F. skinner.
• It is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior.
• This type of conditioning holds that certain behavior and a consequence, either a reward or punishment, have a connection that brings about learning.
• Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a
• Behavior and a consequence, whether negative or positive, for that behavior.

Thus, it is concluded that Learning through reward and punishment is introduced by B.F. Skinner.

Hint Social learning:- Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating behaviors, and attitudes.

E. L. Thorndike, an American psychologist, is known as the founder of modern educational psychology.

• He propounded 'The trial and Error Theory' which represents that learning is the result of associations forming between stimulus and responses.
• "Mistakes teach individual" statement is based on 'Trial and Error Theory.

Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist, is associated with the 'Theory of Learning, which he called the ‘Theory of Insightful learning’.

• In his theory, he has proposed the term ‘Insight’ that doesn't take place with trial & error, rather than it is a sudden reorganization of experience.