Research Methodology MCQ Quiz in தமிழ் - Objective Question with Answer for Research Methodology - இலவச PDF ஐப் பதிவிறக்கவும்

The correct answer is the Collection and preparation of data.

Key Points

• Non-sampling errors, which can be observed in various types of surveys, including censuses and administrative data collection, originate from factors like incomplete frames, inaccuracies in respondent data reporting, and the absence of data for certain respondents.
• Non-sampling errors occur during the collection and preparation stages of data in a research or survey process. These errors are distinct from sampling errors, which are related to the process of selecting a subset (sample) from a larger population for analysis. 
• Non-sampling errors come in two types: random and systematic.
  • Random Errors: These errors tend to balance out with a larger sample, causing increased variability.
  • Systematic Errors: They consistently affect data in the same way, leading to a bias that doesn't diminish with a larger sample. Systematic errors are the primary concern for data quality, but they are challenging to measure accurately
• Non-sampling errors can manifest throughout the entire survey process and fall into several categories: coverage error, measurement error, nonresponse error, and processing error.

Additional Information

• Sampling errors:
  • ​Sampling errors happen when a sample doesn't fully represent the entire population. Researchers routinely account for this by including a margin of error in their findings as a statistical standard.
• Types of Sampling Errors:

  • Population-Specific Error: This error arises when researchers don't properly identify the population to be surveyed.

  • Selection Error: It occurs when survey participants self-select or only those interested in the survey respond. Researchers can address this by encouraging broader participation.

  • Sample Frame Error: This error happens when a sample is drawn from the incorrect population data.

  • Non-response Error: Non-response error occurs when researchers can't obtain useful responses because potential respondents were either unreachable or declined to participate.

The correct answer is Samuel Clement Bradford.

Key Points

• Bradford's Law:
  • Bradford's Law, formulated by Samuel C. Bradford in 1934, describes the diminishing returns when searching for references in science journals.
  • According to one version of the law, if you group journals in a field into three segments, each containing roughly one-third of all articles, the number of journals in each segment follows a proportional pattern of 1:n:n².
  • It is also called as Law of scattering as it describes how the articles on a particular subject are scattered throughout the mass of periodicals.

Additional Information

• ​Lotka's law
  • It was named after Alfred J. Lotka.
  • It is related to Scientific Productivity.
  • It is one of a variety of special applications of Zipf's law. 
  • It describes the frequency of publication by authors in any given field.
  • As the number of articles published increases, authors producing that many publications become less frequent.
  • The general formula is XnY = C
    • Y is the relative frequency of authors with X publications.
    • X is the number of publications, 
• Zipf's Law:​
  • Zipf's law refers to the fact that for many types of data studied in the physical and social sciences, the rank-frequency distribution is an inverse relation.
  • According to this law, Rank x frequency = constant.
  • Zipf's law was originally formulated in terms of quantitative linguistics
  • The frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. 
  • The law is named after the American linguist George Kingsley Zipf.
  • The law is similar in concept, though not identical in distribution, to Benford's law.
• ​Bibliographic Coupling:
  • Bibliographic coupling is a similarity measure that uses citation analysis to establish a similarity relationship between documents.
  • The concept of bibliographic coupling was introduced by M. M. Kessler of MIT in a paper published in 1963.
  • Bibliographic coupling occurs when two works reference a common third work in their bibliographies. 
  • Two documents are bibliographically coupled if they both cite one or more documents in common.

The correct answer is "​Librametrics".

Key Points 

• Bibliometrics-.
  • It is the study of the use of documents and patterns of publications in which mathematical and statistical methods have been applied".
  • The term "Bibliometrics" was first proposed by Pritchard in 1969 in preference to the existing terminology "statistical bibliography".
  • ​Pritchard defined bibliometrics as "The application of mathematical methods to books, and other media of communication"
  • Bibliometrics is closely associated with scientometrics, which is the analysis of scientific metrics and indicators.
  • Bibliometrics is analogous to Ranganathan’s libra metrics.

​ Additional Information

• Librametrics-
  • Ranganathan introduced the term Librametry for the first time ​​In 1948 at the Aslib’s conference in Lamington Spa.
  • It is a Quantitative analysis of various facets of Library activities, and library documents by application of mathematical and statistical calculus to seek solutions to library problems.
• Scientometrics-
  • The term “scientometrics” was used to denote the “measurement of informatics process ​In the 1960s, particularly in Eastern Europe.
  • The term Scientometrics originated as a Russian term for the application of quantitative methods to the history of science, which studies the quantitative aspects of science.

The Correct answer is Median.

Key Points

• The median is the middle value among the observed set of values and is calculated by arranging the values in ascending order or in descending order and then choosing the middle value.
• Mean is the average of the data set which is calculated by adding all the data values together and dividing it by the total number of data sets.
• Mode is the number from a data set that has the highest frequency and is calculated by counting the number of times each data value occurs.

The empirical mean median mode relation is given as:

Mode = 3.Median - 2.Mean  

The Correct answer is 

Key Points

• In experimental research, the independent variable represents input or causes.
• The independent variable is the variable that the researcher manipulates or changes to observe its effect on another variable.
• This manipulation allows the researcher to investigate whether and how an independent variable influences a dependent variable (the outcome or effect).
• An independent variable is a factor that a researcher deliberately manipulates or controls in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
• It's termed "independent" because its variation is not influenced by any other variables within the study.
• Independent variables are also known as:
  • Explanatory variables, as they provide explanations for an event or outcome.
  • Predictor variables, because they can be utilized to forecast the value of a dependent variable.
  • Right-hand-side variables, as they are positioned on the right-hand side of a regression equation.

Additional Information

•  A dependent variable is a factor in an experiment that is observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent variable.
• It changes in response to variations in the independent variable, hence it's termed "dependent."
• Dependent variables are also known as:
  • Response variables, as they react to changes in another variable.
  • Outcome variables, because they signify the result or outcome being measured.
  • Left-hand-side variables, as they are positioned on the left-hand side of a regression equation.

The Correct answer is Eugene Garfield:

Key Points

• Eugene Garfield:
  • Eugene Eli Garfield (September 16, 1925 – February 26, 2017) was an American linguist and businessman, one of the founders of bibliometrics and scientometrics.
  • He is also called the father of the Citation Index.
  • In 2007, he launched Histcite, a bibliometric analysis and visualization software package.
  • In 1956, Garfield founded the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).​

Additional Information

• Hans Peter Luhn:
  • Hans Peter Luhn (July 1, 1896 – August 19, 1964) was a German researcher in the field of computer science and Library & Information Science for IBM, and creator of the Luhn algorithm, KWIC (Key Words In Context) indexing, and Selective dissemination of information ("SDI").
• ​S R Ranganathan:
  • ​S.R. Ranganathan (1892-1972) was an Indian librarian and educator who made significant contributions to the field of library science.
  • He is regarded as the Father of library and information science.
  • He devised Chain Indexing and he first mentioned this in his book “Theory of Library Catalogue” in 1938.

The Correct answer is variables.

Key Points

• Variables in research encompass characteristics that vary among individuals and are observed or manipulated by researchers to investigate their relationships with outcomes of interest.
• Various types of variables include independent, dependent, confounding, mediating, moderator, control, continuous, categorical, discrete, dummy, extraneous, and latent variables.
• Dependent Variable:
  • ​The dependent variable is the one that is measured and expected to change in response to experimental manipulations of the independent variable or variables.
  • It represents the presumed effect.
• Independent Variable:
  • The independent variable is stable and unaffected by other measured variables.
  • It is systematically manipulated by the researcher and serves as the presumed cause in an experiment.

Additional Information

• Veracity: Veracity refers to the accuracy or truthfulness of something.
• Value: In the context of research, the term "value" typically refers to the numerical or categorical representation of a variable. While it is an important concept, it doesn't capture the broader idea of characteristics that vary among individuals.
• Variance:
  • Variance is a statistical term that describes the extent to which values in a set of data differ from the mean (average). While it is related to variability, it's more specific to the spread of values within a particular variable and may not encompass all characteristics that differ among individuals.

The Correct answer is Experimental research.

Key Points

• Experimental research:
  • ​Experimental research aims to identify the cause-and-effect relationship in a given situation.
  • This type of causal research design involves observing the effects of manipulating the independent variable on the dependent variable.
  • For instance, it involves studying how changes in an independent variable, like pricing, impact a dependent variable such as customer satisfaction or brand loyalty.
  • This efficient research method plays a crucial role in addressing and resolving specific problems.

Additional Information

• Other types of research design:
  • ​Descriptive research:
    • ​Descriptive research focuses on providing a detailed account of the situation or case being studied.
    • This theory-based design involves collecting, analyzing, and presenting data to offer insights into the reasons and mechanisms behind the research.
    • Descriptive design aids in enhancing comprehension of the research's purpose.
    • In cases where the problem statement is unclear, exploratory research can be conducted.
  • Correlational research:
    • ​Correlational research, a non-experimental technique, aids in identifying relationships between closely linked variables.
    • Without making assumptions, researchers use statistical analysis techniques to assess the connection between two variables, involving two distinct groups.
    • he correlation coefficient, ranging from -1 to +1, signifies the relationship's strength.
    • A coefficient nearing +1 indicates a positive relationship, while -1 suggests a negative relationship between the variables.
  • Diagnostic research:
    • ​Diagnostic research focuses on assessing the root cause of a particular issue or phenomenon.
    • This approach aims to understand the factors contributing to challenging situations.
    • The research design involves three key stages:
      • Identifying the issue
      • Diagnosing the issue
      • Proposing solutions for the issue
  • Explanatory research:
    • ​Explanatory research employs a researcher's concepts and insights into a subject to delve deeper into their theories.
    • This type of study elucidates unexplored facets of a subject and elaborates on the research questions, addressing the aspects of what, how, and why.

The Correct answer is Findings.

Key Points

• In research design, it's crucial not to include findings, as they represent the outcomes and are unknown until the study concludes.
• The research design serves as a comprehensive plan, encompassing research questions, methodology, and data collection methods.
• It acts as a blueprint guiding researchers through data collection and analysis, excluding actual findings.
• A research design entails a strategic approach to address your research question by utilizing empirical data.

Additional Information

• Hypothesis:
  • ​A hypothesis, proposed by a researcher, is a tentative solution or explanation for a scientific problem, subject to testing through further investigation.
  • This statement is integral to the scientific method, involving hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and drawing conclusions based on results.
• Methodology:
  • ​Methodology, an integral part of research design, delineates the systematic procedures and techniques for data collection and analysis.
  • It offers a structured approach to address research problems, encompassing the methods, techniques, and procedures employed in the comprehensive research process.
• Scope:
  • Scope delineates the range of the research study and establishes the limits within which the research will be executed.
  • It defines the parameters of the study, specifying what will be encompassed and excluded from the research.

Important Points

• Quantitative research designs can be categorized into four primary types:
  • Experimental and quasi-experimental designs facilitate the testing of cause-and-effect relationships.
  • Descriptive and correlational designs enable the measurement of variables and the description of relationships between them.
• Qualitative research designs are less rigidly defined, allowing for a more creative and flexible approach to gaining a detailed understanding of a specific context or phenomenon.
  • Case Study: In-depth study of a specific subject, such as a place, event, or organization.
  • Ethnography: Detailed study of the culture of a specific community or group.
  • Grounded Theory: Aims to develop a theory inductively by systematically analyzing qualitative data.
  • Phenomenology: Aims to understand a phenomenon or event by describing participants’ lived experiences.

The correct answer is More attention to the subjective aspects of human behavior:

Key Points

• Quantitative research methods are primarily focused on objective data and the quantification of variables.
• They involve collecting and analyzing numerical data to uncover patterns, trends, and relationships.
• This approach aims to be systematic, highly structured, and minimize subjectivity. In contrast, qualitative research methods are more concerned.

Additional InformationOther types of Research:

• Qualitative Research: Qualitative research aims to understand human behavior, experiences, and meanings through in-depth interviews, observations, and textual analysis. It does not rely on numerical data but focuses on rich descriptions and interpretations.
• Mixed Methods Research: Mixed methods research combines elements of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Researchers use both numerical data and textual information to gain a comprehensive understanding of the research problem.
• Experimental Research: In experimental research, researchers manipulate one or more variables to study their effects on other variables under controlled conditions. It allows for causal inferences.
• Descriptive Research: Descriptive research aims to describe and document the characteristics of a population or phenomenon without manipulating any variables. It is often used to gather preliminary data.
• Correlational Research: Correlational research examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. It assesses the degree of association between variables.