NASAs space missions often make us think about important ethical questions, like how to explore space responsibly, making sure we dont harm other planets (planetary protection), and how to design machines that can make decisions on their own. Thinking about these issues helps us consider how to do things the right way, be accountable, and serve the public good.

NASA’s ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) is designed to investigate Earth (Sun-synchronous polar orbit), with hopes of unlocking critical data about its operational frameworks and scientific potential.

• With its launch on July 17, 1991, ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) began a bold mission to explore new frontiers.  
• The principal objective set forth for this venture is to Ocean, ice, land remote sensing; radar altimetry, SAR imaging. This focus ensures that the mission will deliver high-impact results relevant to pressing global challenges or fundamental scientific inquiries.  
• As a specific Earth observation satellite, its main goal was clearly defined, and everyone involved worked hard and stayed focused on achieving it.  
• The huge size and complicated nature of the Ariane 40 amazed everyone who got a close look at it. 
• The launch took place at Guiana Space Centre, Kourou, marking the start of the mission. 
• The mission continued for Operated for nearly 9 years before concluding. 
• The mission was organized and implemented by ESA (European Space Agency). 
• According to NASA records, the mission was Completed (Successful). 

ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) introduced AMI (SAR/Wind Scatterometer), Radar Altimeter, ATSR, PRARE, enhancing NASAs ability to conduct advanced research in deep space environments.

NASA equipped ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), precise orbit determination to enhance system resilience and operational autonomy. This comprehensive article on NASA ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) Space mission helps UPSC aspirants understand the full life cycle of a modern space mission which is relevant for GS Paper 2, GS Paper 3, GS Paper 4, and Essay.

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NASA ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) Space Mission Overview 

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ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) Space Mission Global Contributions

ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) highlights the role of ESA member states in contributing to autonomous systems and shared space objectives.

• ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) carried Instruments from various European countries designed to enable new research capabilities and reduce reliance on Earth-based operations. 
• Key contributors such as European aerospace consortium led by Dornier (now Airbus) provided essential technologies and services that helped accelerate the mission timeline. 
• Data widely used for environmental monitoring and research allowed multiple stakeholders to access and utilize mission outputs for extended scientific and technical purposes. 
• The success of ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) marked a major shift in space policy by Established Europe's leadership in SAR remote sensing, promoting broader cooperation in future missions. 

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Challenges & Risk in ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) Space Mission

ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) overcame mission-threatening issues such as Failures of on-board tape recorders impacting data downlink by deploying alternative systems, refining software behavior, and executing contingency strategies developed during pre-launch testing.

• On-board data recorder failures was one of the significant issues faced during ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1), requiring coordinated mitigation efforts. 
• The long-term presence or disposal of ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) is summarized by its Decommissioned; re-entered atmosphere over time, an important aspect of mission planning. 

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Mission Timeline of ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1) NASA Space Mission

• The first steps toward mission development began with its proposal on Early 1980s. 
• The date Not applicable represented a pivotal moment as the mission entered its most critical phase. 
• By March 10, 2000 (Mission ended), the spacecraft had met or exceeded its planned targets, and the mission entered its post-primary phase. 

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UPSC Relevance of ERS-1 Satellite (European Remote-Sensing Satellite 1)

• UPSC Prelims often includes questions related to NASA missions, highlighting the intersection of space science, technology, and international developments.
• GS Paper 3 often features questions on space technology, where NASA’s breakthroughs provide useful insights into international scientific progress.
• The UPSC CSE Ethics Paper (GS Paper 4) might include prompts on international cooperation in space missions, using NASA-led partnerships to discuss shared ethical standards across cultures and governments.
• The societal, ethical, and scientific dimensions of NASA’s work, including planetary protection and interplanetary travel, are pertinent to Anthropology, Philosophy, and Geography optional papers, helping illustrate human response to unknown frontiers.

Also, Learn about International Space Station (ISS)

Past UPCS Mains PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1. Launched on 25th December 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor space telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (2022, GS Paper 3) 

Q2. How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth? (2017, GS Paper 1)

Q3. The safe landing of the ‘Curiosity’ Rover under NASA’s space programme has sparked many possibilities. What are those and how could humankind benefit from them? (2012, GS Paper 2)

Past UPCS Prelims PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1 [2022]: Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in the media?

(a) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space.

(b) A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions.

(c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

(d) A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same speed and places a probe on its surface.

Answer: (c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

Explanation: While this question pertains to a military concept, NASAs research into orbital mechanics and space trajectories contributes to the broader understanding of such technologies.

Q2 [2020]: “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to:

(a) Voyager-2

(b) New Horizons

(c) Lisa Pathfinder

(d) Evolved LISA

Answer: (d) Evolved LISA

Explanation: Evolved LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is a space-based gravitational wave observatory developed by ESA with contributions from NASA.

Q3 [2017]: What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?

(a) To detect neutrinos

(b) To detect gravitational waves

(c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system

(d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems

Answer: (b) To detect gravitational waves

Explanation: Evolved Laser Space Interferometer Space Antenna (ELISA) project was widely in the news due to the discovery of gravitational waves by the LIGO detector and the subsequent success of the LISA pathfinder project. The European Space Agency is leading the ELISA mission. The project is initiated to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.

Q4 [2016]: What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?

(a) Electric plane tested by NASA

(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan

(c) Space observatory launched by China

(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO

Answer: (a) Electric plane tested by NASA
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Explanation: GL-10 is a remotely piloted plane similar to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It is designed and developed in such a way that it can take off like a helicopter and fly like an airplane. It is a battery-powered 10-engine with a wingspan of 3.05 meters. Eight electric motors are mounted on the wings. 2 electric motors are mounted on the tail. It weighs a maximum of 28.1 kilograms at takeoff. Due to its versatile vertical takeoff and landing ability, it produces less noise. It can be used as a UAV for small package delivery or vertical takeoff and landing, as well as long-endurance surveillance for agriculture, mapping, and other applications. Its modified scaled-up version can be used as a persons air vehicle.

Q5 [2015]: The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:

(a) The limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth

(b) Regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available

(c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

(d) Search for meteorites containing precious metals

Answer: (c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

Explanation: The Goldilocks Zone is the livable zone around a star where the temperature is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on a planet. It is a metaphor for the childrens story Goldilocks and the Three Bears, in which a young girl selects from sets of three objects, eschewing the extremes (such as those that are enormous or small, hot or cold) and fixing on the one that is just right in the middle. The Goldilocks zone of the Sun surrounds the Earth. All of Earths water would freeze if it were found where the dwarf planet Pluto is; however, all of Earths water would boil out if it were found where Mercury is.

Also, Get to Know What was NASA's Parker Solar Probe Mission

UPSC Practice Questions on NASA Space Missions

Q1. On October 19, 2017, which space agency has approved second extension of its Dawn Mission at Ceres Dwarf planet?
1. Space X
2. NASA
3. ISRO
4. CNSA
Answer: 2
Solution: NASA has approved the second extension of its Dawn mission at Ceres dwarf planet on October 19, 2017. Dawn was a space probe launched by NASA in 2007. It was designed to study two protoplanets in the asteroid belt, Vesta and Ceres. It exhausted all of its hydrazine fuel and retired in 2018. The Dawn mission was managed by Jet propulsion laboratory. Currently, spacecraft was placed in an uncontrolled orbit around the Ceres. Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO is the space agency of India. National Aeronautics and Space NASA is an independent space agency of the United States. Space X is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company. China National Space Administration CNSA is the space agency of China.

Q2. Consider the following statements.
1. Boeing and SpaceX were selected by NASA in September 2014 to develop transportation systems meant to transfer crew from the US to the ISS.
2. Crew-1 mission is part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: Both 1 and 2
Solution: Boeing and SpaceX were selected by NASA in September 2014 to develop transportation systems meant to transfer crew from the US to the ISS. Hence statement 1 is correct. The Crew-1 mission is part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, whose objective is to make access to space easier in terms of its cost, so that cargo and crew can be easily transported to and from the ISS, enabling greater scientific research. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Q3. Which country plans to launch world’s first mining robot named asteroid mining robot into space by November 2020?
1. USA
2. Russia
3. China
4. Japan
Answer: China
Solution: China plans to launch the world’s first mining robot named asteroid mining robot into space by November 2020. Origin Space a private Beijing company will be launching this project. Even it is named as asteroid mining robot, it’s not going to do any actual mining. This mission aimed to assess the field-test technologies aimed at the eventual mining of asteroids. The robot is planned to launch into space by a Chinese Long March series rocket. The 30-gram spacecraft NEO-1 is likely to be launched as a secondary payload on a Chinese Long March rocket.

Q4. SpaceX Demo-2 mission, recently seen in the news, is an initiative of which of the following agency?
1. NASA
2. European Space Agency
3. ISRO
4. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Answer: NASA
Solution: On May 27, NASA’s SpaceX Demo-2 test flight will lift off for the International Space Station ISS, becoming the first crewed flight to launch from American soil since the conclusion of the space shuttle era in 2011. The Demo-2 mission is part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program and will fly two astronauts on SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft. This mission is essentially a flight test to certify if SpaceX’s crew transportation system can be used to ferry crew to and from the space station regularly.

Q5. Consider the following statements regarding the novel technique for tracking solar eruptions.
1. The earlier software used to detect solar eruptions in the outer corona only.
2. New algorithm is developed to detect the solar eruptions in the inner corona.
3. The solar eruption disrupts space weather and causes geomagnetic storms.
Which among the above statements is/are correct?
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: 1, 2 and 3
Solution: Software named Computer Aided CME Tracking Software CACTus based on a computer vision algorithm was so far used to detect and characterise solar eruptions automatically in the outer corona only. Hence statement 1 is correct. The eruptions disrupt space weather and cause geomagnetic storms, satellite failures, and power outages. Hence statement 3 is correct. The researchers/scientists have developed a new algorithm named CMEs Identification in Inner Solar Corona CIISCO to detect and track the accelerating solar eruption in the lower corona. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Q6. In the context of space technology, what is Crew-2 Mission recently in the news?
1. A mini satellite launched by NASA.
2. The name given to the next Moon Impact Probe by NASA.
3. The astronauts launching mission to the International Space Station ISS by NASA and SpaceX.
4. A space telescope development by NASA.
Answer: option 3
Solution: Four astronauts were launched to the International Space Station ISS from Florida as part of a collaboration between NASA and SpaceX under the Commercial Crew Program. The mission is called Crew-2.

Q7. Spacecraft, Near-Earth Asteroid Scout or NEA Scout is related to which of the following space organization?
1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2. Indian Space Research Organisation
3. European Space Agency
4. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Answer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Solution: Recently, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA has announced that its new spacecraft, named Near-Earth Asteroid Scout or NEA Scout, has completed all required tests and has been safely tucked inside the Space Launch System SLS rocket.

Q8. In which year did ISRO launch the Mars Orbiter Mission?
1. 2012
2. 2015
3. 2014
4. 2013
Answer: 2013
Solution: ISRO launched its Mars Orbiter Mission on 5th November 2013. It was the maiden interplanetary mission of ISRO. The mission got inserted into Martian orbit on 24th September 2014 in its first attempt. The mission completed its 1000 Earth days in its orbit on 19th June 2017. The mission was launched with an objective to explore and observe Mars surface features, morphology, mineralogy and the Martian atmosphere. Mars Orbiter Mission was launched with an XL variant of the PSLV, PSLV C-25. Mars Orbiter Mission made ISRO the fourth space agency to achieve this feat after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency. India is the first Asian country to reach Martian orbit as well as the first nation in the world to achieve this in its maiden attempt. The Mars Orbiter Mission MOM is also called Mangalyaan.

Q9. Cygnus spacecraft launched by NASA is seen recently in the context of
1. It uses solar power to enter into its desired orbit
2. It provides real-time portal for Mars exploration
3. It carry ingredients for experiments to grow plants without soil
4. It has been send to destroy targeted space debris
Answer: It carry ingredients for experiments to grow plants without soil
Solution: Cygnus spacecraft, which is carrying a fresh supply of 8300 pounds of scientific investigations and cargo, has reached International Space Station on 21 February 2022, less than two days after it was launched. NASA informed that supplies inside Cygnus spacecraft carry ingredients for experiments to grow plants without soil. Hence, option 3 is correct.

Q10. Consider the following statements with reference to Artemis I Mission:
1. Artemis I is the first of NASA’s deep space exploration systems.
2. It is an uncrewed space mission where the spacecraft will launch on Space Launch System rocket, the most powerful rocket in the world.
3. With the Artemis Mission, NASA aims to land humans on the moon by 2024.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: 1, 2 and 3
Solution: Artemis I is the first of NASA’s deep space exploration systems. Hence, statement 1 is correct. It is an uncrewed space mission where the spacecraft will launch on Space Launch System rocket, the most powerful rocket in the world and travel 280000 miles from the earth for over four to six weeks during the course of the mission. Hence, statement 2 is correct. With the Artemis Mission, NASA aims to land humans on the moon by 2024, and it also plans to land the first woman and first person of colour on the moon. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

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