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Home / IAS Preparation / Project 75 India UPSC

Project 75 India UPSC: History, Submarines under Project 75, Significance

Last Updated on Jan 23, 2025
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Project 75 is an Indian-class submarine built by the Indian Navy. It is also known as P-75I, a planned class of diesel-electric submarines. Project-75 India involves building six diesel-electric attack submarines of the Scorpene design indigenously. The submarines are being built by Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) in Mumbai in collaboration with the Naval Group of France.Project 75 India represents a continuation of Project 75, enhancing the design and technology from its predecessor. The conventional diesel-electric submarines, like the Scorpene under Project 75, incorporate upgraded stealth features such as advanced acoustic absorption techniques, low radiated noise levels, long-range guided torpedoes, tube-launched anti-ship missiles, as well as advanced sonars and sensor suites.

Project 75 India is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS exam. It covers a significant part of the Science & Technology subject of the General Studies Paper-3 syllabus and current events of national importance in UPSC prelims. In this article, we shall study the significance and recent developments of Project 75 India UPSC.

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Recent Developments
  • Under Project 75 India, Russia offered to collaborate with India to construct a non-nuclear submarine based on the Russian Amur-1650 submarine. 
  • On the sidelines of the ongoing Aero India 2023 show, Vladimir Drozhzhov, the deputy director of the Russian Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation, stated that the construction of this planned submarine based on the Amur 1650 will involve a localization level of up to 80%.
  • This idea comes as India plans to sign an agreement in 2023 to develop diesel-electric submarines under the P-75I programme. In 2021, the nation launched a Request for Proposal (RFP) to five foreign competitors, including Russia.
  • According to the Russian Federal Service (RFP), the six planned diesel-electric attack submarines will include the following advanced capabilities 
    • Air-independent propulsion (AIP)
    • Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR)
    • Anti-ship warfare (AShW)
    • Anti-submarine warfare (ASW)
    • Anti-surface warfare (ASuW)
    • Special Operations Forces (SOF)
    • Land-attack capabilities

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What is Project 75 India?

Project-75 India envisages the indigenous construction of six modern conventional submarines with contemporary equipment, weapons & sensors that include Fuel-Cell AIP (Air Independent Propulsion Plant), modern missiles, advanced torpedoes, and state-of-the-art countermeasure systems. Project-75 (India), referred to as P-75(I), is a military procurement program initiated by the Ministry of Defence (MoD). This endeavor seeks to purchase diesel-electric attack submarines equipped with fuel cells and an Air-Independent Propulsion System (AIP) for the Indian Navy. The overarching goal is to bolster India's naval capabilities and foster the development of domestic submarine manufacturing capabilities.

What is Project 75?

Project-75 was initially conceived in 1997 to build two SSK Submarines domestically referred to as Type 1500. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), the decision-making authority within the Ministry of Defence (MoD), approved the project.

History of Project 75

In 1997, India's Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approved building two Type 209/1500 attack submarines at an estimated cost of ₹700 crore. This decision followed an international corruption scandal related to acquiring Shishumar-class submarines. The plan involved constructing the submarines at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) with collaboration from a foreign naval firm. Thomson-CSF (TCSF), a French company, was the sole firm willing to participate. In January 2020, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) shortlisted MDL and L&T as Indian finalists and DSME, Naval Group, Navantia, TKMS, and Rubin as foreign finalists. In July 2021, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) to the finalists, but due to stringent conditions, the RFP deadline was postponed to June 2022 and later to December 2022.

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Difference between Project 75 and Project 75 India
  • Project 75 India is an advancement of Project 75, focusing on improved design and technology.
  • AIP technology in Project 75I aims to enable submarines to stay submerged for up to two weeks.
  • Project 75I submarines might be larger compared to those in Project 75.
  • Project 75 spanned 30 years, faced budget changes, delivery delays, and switched contracting firms.
  • Lessons from Project 75 can guide planning for the next initiative by the Indian Navy and Ministry of Defence.
  • Project 75 had a budget of Rs 23,000 crore, while Project 75I starts at almost double the budget - Rs 43,000 crore.
  • Bidding for Project 75I has just begun, and the project itself may take another two years before initiation.

Submarines under Project 75

There are 6 Scorpene class submarines built under Project 75 India. The list of 6 submarines under project 75 India is given below.

Kalvari-Class Submarine

  • Launched: 2015
  • Commissioned: 2017
  • Feature: Kalvari-Class Submarine is a Diesel-electric attack submarine included in Project 75. It is based on the Scorpène-class submarine.

Khanderi

  • Launched: 2017
  • Commissioned: 2019
  • Feature: Khanderi is the second of the Indian Navy's Project 75 six Kalvari-class diesel-electric attack submarines.

INS Karanj

  • Launched: 2018
  • Commissioned: 2021
  • Feature: It is a diesel-electric attack submarine included in Project 75 based on the Scorpene class.

INS Vela

  • Launched: 2019
  • Commissioned: 2021
  • Feature: It is a diesel-electric attack submarine of Project 75 that is based on the Scorpène class.

INS Vagir

  • Launched: 2020
  • Commissioned: 2023
  • Feature: INS Vagir is a Diesel-electric attack submarine project 75 based on the Scorpène class.

INS Vagsheer

  • Launched: 2022
  • Commissioned: Not decided
  • Feature: It is based on the Kalvari-class submarine included in Project 75.

30-Year Submarine Plan 
  • The Atal Bihari Vajpayee government authorised the 30-year submarine plan (2000-30) for the introduction of 24 diesel attack submarines in July 1999. 
  • The first of the three new Kalvari class submarines, part of the Rs 23,652 crore project approved way back in 2005, was commissioned in December 2017. As of 2021, the Indian Navy have 12 outdated conventional attack submarines.
  • Both the ballistic missile-firing submarine INS Arighat and the Akula class submarine INS Chakra is on lease to India from the Russian Federation. 
  • The Strategic Forces Command is in charge of the two. All ballistic missile-firing submarines, also known as SSBNs, are under the control of Strategic Forces Command and are not under the jurisdiction of the Indian Navy.
  • National security experts predict that the Indian Navy will request the Defence Ministry's acceptance of necessity (AON) after the Modi government approves the changes to the 30-year-old plan before asking the important allies for proposals to jointly develop and construct the six nuclear-powered submarines under the Atmanirbhar Bharat route. 
  • According to estimations made by the Indian Navy, the project will be finished in at least ten years.

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Scorpene-Class Submarines 
  • Scorpene-Class Submarines were introduced by the Naval Group for the export market. It demonstrates the Naval Group's ability to create best-in-class submarines while conducting successful technology transfers.
  • To fit the particular requirements of each fleet, the Scorpène design is modified. To carry a larger crew, nearly double the patrol range, and travel further, the Brazilian Scorpène is slightly longer.
  • Scorpène is ideal for practicality and movement. It is a robust, long-lasting ocean-going submarine designed for activities in confined spaces.
  • Moreover, it conducts special operations, offensive minelaying, anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare, and intelligence collection.
  • The Indian Navy plans to employ the submarines for minesweeping operations, area surveillance, anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, and intelligence gathering.

Significance of Project 75 India 
  • Project 75 India incorporates the most recent submarine design and technologies and will significantly improve India's indigenous submarine design and building capability.
  • Project 75 is another step towards "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan" and boosts the Make in India initiative.
  • In light of concerns over China's ground intrusions into the region, it will also strengthen Indian marine security with a focus on the Indian Ocean.
  • The significance of Project 75 India assists in decreasing the current reliance on imports and progressively securing increased self-sufficiency and dependability of supplies from indigenous sources, especially from a strategic standpoint.

Conclusion

Project 75 India is an important initiative introduced by the Indian government. It is basically in line with strengthening India's defence sector by introducing submarines. However, India has launched all 6 submarines. \

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Project 75 India UPSC FAQs

It involves India's Ministry of Defence, Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, and foreign collaborators like Naval Group (France).

The project supports indigenous manufacturing, promoting self-reliance in defense production under the ‘Make in India’ campaign.

Project 75 India is an initiative to build six advanced diesel-electric submarines with stealth, long-range, and advanced capabilities in India.

The project aims to strengthen India’s naval capabilities by producing modern submarines under the ‘Make in India’ initiative.

Six Scorpène-class submarines equipped with advanced stealth and anti-ship warfare technologies are being developed for the Indian Navy.
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