Who among the following have emphasized the environmental factor in decision-making approach ?

The correct answer is Harold and Margaret Sprout.

Key Points

• Harold and Margaret Sprout:
  • ​Harold and Margaret Sprout add realistic factors when they consider the analysis of foreign policy.
  • In their theory, foreign policy is contextualized. They stress the importance of foreign policy undertaking which they connect with strategies, decisions, intentions and so on.
  • Harold and Margaret hold the view that each foreign policy outcome will not be generated if there is no antecedent undertaking.
  • When the undertaking is concerned, we should give thoughts to the social environment where the individual or group makes decisions.
  • Harold and Margaret Sprout divide the decision makers' environment into the operational environment and psychological environment.
  • The operational environment is the actual environment, and the psychological environment is the environment in decision-makers imagination.
  • It is known that conflicts often occur between the real environment and the psychological or perceived environment, so unsatisfactory decisions may happen in foreign policy.