In open channel water flows under 

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WBMSC Sub-Assistant Engineer (Civil) 05 Jun 2022 Official Paper
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  1. force of gravity 
  2. atmospheric pressure 
  3. hydrostatic pressure 
  4. mechanical pressure 

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : force of gravity 
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Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

The basic difference between flow in pipe and flow in open channel flow is the boundary conditions and the free surface of the liquid which is given below:

Open Channel Flow

Pipe Flow

Flows are characterised by a free surface open to the atmosphere.

Top surface has pressure more than atmospheric

Flow driven is by Gravity (potential energy).

Flow is driven by Pressure.

Flow cross section is unknown in advance because the flow depth is unknown.

Flow cross section is Known/ fixed.

Flow depth deduced simultaneously from solving both continuity and momentum equation

Velocity deduced from continuity equation.

Hydraulic Grade line (HGL) is coincides with top surface of flow.

HGL is always above the top surface of flow.

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