Environment and Human Rights Law MCQ Quiz in বাংলা - Objective Question with Answer for Environment and Human Rights Law - বিনামূল্যে ডাউনলোড করুন [PDF]

Key Points

Correct Answer: United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972
Explanation: This conference, also known as the Stockholm Conference, marked the first major international meeting on the environment. It led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and set the stage for future global environmental policies, including those adopted by India in the form of the Environment (Protection) Act and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. The conference emphasized the need for a balanced and integrated approach to environmental issues, which these acts aim to address.
Incorrect Options:
San Francisco Conference, 1945: This conference was primarily focused on the establishment of the United Nations post-World War II, rather than environmental issues. It was significant for international peace and security but did not directly contribute to the development of environmental legislation.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992: Also known as the Earth Summit, this conference took place in Rio de Janeiro and was significant for the adoption of Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the establishment of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Framework Convention on Climate Change. While influential in global environmental policy, it was not the direct impetus for the Indian acts mentioned.
United Nations Conference on Environment, 1982: There was no major environmental conference held under this name in 1982. The closest event around this time was the World Charter for Nature, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1982, which laid down principles for the conservation and sustainable use of the natural environment, but it was not directly responsible for the creation of the specific Indian laws mentioned.

The correct option is ' Secretary General'.

Key Points

• The UN Commissioner for Human Rights is appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
• The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is the leading UN entity on human rights, tasked with promoting and protecting all human rights around the globe.
• The appointment is made with the approval of the General Assembly, highlighting the collaborative nature of UN appointments and the importance of consensus among member states.
• The High Commissioner plays a crucial role in coordinating human rights activities throughout the UN system and works closely with governments, civil society, and other partners to promote and protect human rights.
• This position is central to the United Nations' efforts to foster universal enjoyment of all human rights, to protect the most vulnerable, and to address violations of human rights, including pressing for accountability.

Additional Information

• The role of the UN Commissioner for Human Rights is vital in the international arena as it embodies the commitment of the international community to uphold human rights principles and standards.
• The High Commissioner for Human Rights also engages in dialogue with governments to improve the human rights situation in their countries and to support their efforts in fulfilling their human rights obligations.

Key Points

To solve this question, we need to arrange the climate change initiatives in chronological order. Let's examine each option in detail:
C. Vienna Convention on climate change: This is not accurately named regarding climate change. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was adopted in 1985. It's a framework convention, setting general obligations to protect the ozone layer but not specifically addressing climate change. Therefore, its reference here might be slightly misleading, but in terms of chronological order related to environmental agreements, it comes first.
B. Montreal Protocol on climate change: Similar to the Vienna Convention, this title is slightly misleading. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was agreed upon in 1987, following the Vienna Convention. It's not directly a climate change initiative but is significant for climate change because it deals with substances that both deplete the ozone layer and act as greenhouse gases.
E. Kyoto Protocol on climate change: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997.
D. Copenhagen Summit on climate change: Officially the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the UNFCCC, took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, in December 2009. It was an important meeting but failed to produce a legally binding agreement for the long-term cooperative action on climate change.
A. Durban conference on climate change: The Durban conference (COP 17) took place in Durban, South Africa, in 2011. It led to the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, a decision to work towards a legal instrument that would apply to all parties.
Given this information, the correct chronological order of these initiatives and conferences is:
1. C. Vienna Convention (1985, with a note on the slight misnomer)
2. B. Montreal Protocol (1987)
3. E. Kyoto Protocol (1997)
4. D. Copenhagen Summit (2009)
5. A. Durban conference (2011)
- Hence, the correct answer is option 4 (C, B, E, D, A).
This solution systematically addresses the chronological order of significant environmental and climate change initiatives, highlighting the correct sequence and providing context for each event.

The correct option is 3: Ministry of Home Affairs

The correct answer is Section 2(a)

Key Points

• Definition of 'Environment' under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986:
  • Section 2(a) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 defines the term 'environment'.
  • According to this section, 'environment' includes water, air, and land, and the interrelationship which exists among and between them and human beings, other living creatures, plants, microorganisms, and property.

Additional Information

• Section 2(b):
  • This section defines 'environmental pollutant' as any solid, liquid, or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be, or tend to be, injurious to the environment.
• Section 2(c):
  • This section defines 'environmental pollution' as the presence in the environment of any environmental pollutant.
• None of the above:
  • This option is incorrect as Section 2(a) is the correct section that defines 'environment' under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

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The correct answer is 'An idea to check and take necessary action against erring industries and erring officers'

Key Points

• Environmental Audit under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986:
  • It is a systematic, documented, periodic, and objective review of facility operations and practices related to meeting environmental requirements.
  • The primary goal is to ensure industries comply with environmental regulations and to identify areas where improvements are needed.
  • It involves checking the compliance status of various industries and taking necessary actions against those not adhering to environmental norms.

Additional Information

• Other options explained:
  • A check on the accounts of the companies involved in environment pollution:
    • This option refers to financial audits, which are not specifically aimed at environmental compliance but rather at financial records and transactions.
  • A check on environmental pollutants and the measure on extent of damage caused:
    • This involves monitoring and measuring pollution levels, which is a part of the environmental audit but not its sole focus.
  • All of the above:
    • This option is incorrect as it combines elements that are not all part of the environmental audit under the specified act.

The correct answer is 'Ensure that the victims of damage are compensated as well as that the degradation so caused to the environment is mitigated.'

Key Points

• Polluter Pays Principle:
  • The polluter pays principle is a fundamental concept in environmental law and policy.
  • It mandates that those responsible for pollution bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to human health or the environment.
  • This principle aims to ensure that polluters are held accountable for the environmental harm they cause.
• Objective of the Principle:
  • The primary objective is to ensure that the victims of environmental damage are compensated.
  • Additionally, it seeks to mitigate the degradation caused to the environment by making polluters responsible for the costs of their actions.

Additional Information

• Purely deterrent effects:
  • While deterrence is an aspect of the polluter pays principle, it is not the primary objective.
  • Deterrence aims to prevent future pollution but does not address compensation and mitigation directly.
• Retributive effect:
  • Retribution focuses on punishment rather than compensation or environmental restoration.
  • The polluter pays principle is more about accountability and responsibility rather than punishment.
• None of the above:
  • This option is incorrect as it does not align with the primary objectives of the polluter pays principle.

The correct answer is Section 43 of the Human Rights Act, 1993

Key Points

• Section 43 of the Human Rights Act, 1993:
  • Section 43 of the Human Rights Act, 1993, specifically repeals the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance, 1993.
  • This section ensures a smooth transition from the ordinance to the formal Act, thereby consolidating human rights protections under a single legislative framework.
  • The repeal is a common legislative practice to replace temporary ordinances with permanent statutes, ensuring legal continuity and stability.

Additional Information

• Section 33:
  • Section 33 deals with the establishment of Human Rights Courts for the speedy trial of offences arising out of human rights violations.
  • It is not related to the repeal of any ordinance.
• Section 36:
  • Section 36 pertains to the functions and powers of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC).
  • This section outlines the procedures and roles of the NHRC but does not address the repeal of any ordinance.
• Section 40B:
  • Section 40B is not a part of the Human Rights Act, 1993. It appears to be an incorrect or non-existent section in this context.
  • Therefore, it has no relevance to the repeal of the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance, 1993.

The correct answer is 'The UDHR is a UN General Assembly resolution.'

Key Points

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):
  • The UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948.
  • It serves as a foundational text for international human rights law, outlining fundamental human rights that should be universally protected.
  • While it is not a legally binding document, it has significantly influenced international human rights treaties, national constitutions, and other legal instruments.

Additional Information

• Option 1: The UDHR is a multilateral treaty:
  • This is incorrect. A multilateral treaty is a binding agreement between multiple countries, whereas the UDHR is a declaration and not legally binding.
• Option 3: The UDHR is a UN Security resolution:
  • This is incorrect. UN Security Council resolutions are typically binding and pertain to international peace and security, not general human rights.
• Option 4: The UDHR is a declaration adopted by several states at an international conference:
  • This is incorrect. The UDHR was adopted by the UN General Assembly, not an international conference of states.

The correct answer is Entry 13

Key Points

• National Green Tribunal (NGT):
  • The NGT is a specialized body set up under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.
  • The Tribunal is tasked with providing effective and expeditious disposal of cases related to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
  • It was established to fulfill the constitutional mandate under Entry 13 of List I in Schedule VII of the Constitution of India, which pertains to the adjudication of disputes and complaints with respect to environmental issues.

Additional Information

• Other Entries in List I:
  • Entry 12: Deals with Union duties and taxes. It does not pertain to environmental issues.
  • Entry 14: Relates to entering into treaties and agreements with foreign countries and implementing them. It is not related to environmental adjudication.
  • Entry 15: Covers matters related to insurance, which is unrelated to the establishment of the NGT.